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Pestology Blog
Monitoring Devices, Resistance Development, and Cicadas
Fairfax, VA – January 1, 2024
We return to our usual format where three bug nerds compete to see who can impress our guest judge with the best research summary in 5 minutes or less. We're joined by special guest Julie Tesh-Clark with Pest Management Systems.
Featured Article Summaries
Monitoring Devices
Diversity and Prevalence of Nuisance Arthropods Detected by Sticky Traps in Apartments in New Jersey
Homes can offer the perfect environment for a wide range of nuisance arthropods such as flies, beetles, spiders and ants. They often find their way into our structures in search of resources, and if conditions are right, these problem pests can start reproducing in no time. The key to controlling most nuisance arthropods is through early detection, stopping these tiny invaders in the first weeks of an introduction before they have the chance to multiply. However, this is often easier said than done because pest management professionals can’t be present in every client’s home standing guard around the clock waiting for pests to enter.
One option for early detection is with the use of monitoring devices such as sticky traps. Sticky traps have been used for decades to offer the ability to surveil pest activity long after PMPs have left an account. A recent study published by a group of researchers at Rutgers University in March of 2023 offered some amazing insight into just how effective these tacky tools can be at monitoring pest activity. While using sticky cards to evaluate cockroach activity in low-income apartments in New Jersey, the researchers also counted and reported the total number of nuisance arthropods recovered on these sticky traps. In this study, they defined nuisance arthropods as any arthropods other than cockroaches and bedbugs.

For this study, researchers placed sticky traps in 1,581 low-income apartments located in four different cities in New Jersey from 2018-2019. Four sticky traps were placed in each unit, 3 in the kitchen and 1 in the bathroom, and then left for 2 weeks. And, what they found was pretty amazing.
Overall, nuisance arthropods were found on sticky cards from 42% (or 664) of apartments surveyed. In terms of abundance, flies were captured most at 36%, with beetles at 23%, and spiders and ants coming in 3rd through 4th place. When they broke down each pest group further, they found that fungus gnats accounted for nearly half of all flies captured at 42%, and 82% of all the beetles captured were stored product beetles.
The researchers even conducted follow-up surveys on over 1,000 residences to get an idea of how often residences visually detected pest activity at these residences, and amazingly enough only 13% of those interviewed reported sightings. And those that reported sightings reported seeing flies most frequently at 58% compared to beetles at only 4%. Even though beetles were recovered in nearly a quarter of the homes surveyed!
Overall, this study really underscored three key points: 1) homes can offer the perfect environment for pests, and these pests can easily go undetected, 2) client reports may not be a reliable source of actual pest activity, and 3) sticky cards can serve as an incredibly important surveillance tool offering PMP’s the ability to more accurately monitor pest activity allowing for early detection and potentially improved control of a number of nuisance arthropod pests.
Article by Mike Bentley, PhD, BCE
References
Changlu Wang, Salehe Abbar, Xiaodan Pan, Sabita Ranabhat, Richard Cooper, Diversity and prevalence of nuisance arthropods detected by sticky traps in apartments in New Jersey, Journal of Economic Entomology, Volume 116, Issue 4, August 2023, Pages 1317–1320, https://doi.org/10.1093/jee/toad114
Resistance Development
Evaluation of the Stability of Physiological and Behavioral Resistance to Imidacloprid in the House Fly
To start with some background, house flies are pests in a wide variety of settings. The context this paper is focused on is more of animal handling facilities which can face high infestation levels of house flies. They may treat for using granular products containing active ingredients such as neonicotinoids including one called imidacloprid. While many house flies will remain around the same area, they can actually travel quite far and that’s how people can wind up with these flies in residential areas from all the way over at an animal handling facilities.
That being said, get ready to buckle in for some heavy science. I’ll try to keep it straightforward. We are looking at the stability of resistance of house flies to imidacloprid over time. Basically, asking if resistance persists in both lab strains and field collected strains of house flies. I want to note here that behavioral resistance is a fly choosing to avoid the imidacloprid containing bait versus physiological resistance which is when a fly will consume the product, but won’t be killed by it. There were three parts to the experiment they conducted. First, reference colonies. They had colonies of flies collected in 2015 and in 2021 from a dairy farm, and five additional strains were created from the 2015 colony by selecting for behavioral resistance over the course of several generations to exhibit behavioral resistance in the form of reduced feeding on imidacloprid containing sugar sources. These five strains were further differentiated by leaving them unselected for 10 and 30 generations so that they wound up with ones who were resistant for a while and then were not exposed to anything.

The second part was evaluating physiological susceptibility. If something is physiologically susceptible that means it has lower or no physiological resistance. They did this by placing flies in containers where they had access to water and to the imidacloprid/sugar mixture to feed on and there were controls with just the sugar. After a few days they assessed mortality to see what percent survived
The final part was testing behavioral resistance. Which side note, has been found to be heritable through genetics. They put the flies in little cups with a choice between the imidacloprid feed and the standard feed. After three days of this, they looked at their survival. If the fly had avoided the bait they would live and if they had chosen it they would die off.
Now to the results. There were differences in susceptibility between some of the strains. The most notable points where the wild-type 2015, the original unedited strain, which exhibited the highest level of susceptibility compared to the other types. There was not a significant difference in survival between the generations immediately post behavioral selection vs 30 generations post selections. This leads us to the point that behavioral resistance selection does not necessarily mean a difference in physiological resistance.
The behavioral resistance did not decrease in continually exposed strains or those that had not been exposed in several generations. The 2021 collected wild-type exhibited high levels of behavioral resistance, but didn’t differ across subsequent generations, indicating that potentially behavioral resistance does not have a negative impact on general fitness so it will persist across generations.
This is in contrast to the well-established concept that physiological resistance can lead to decrease in fitness. This leads me to what I think was the mic drop sentence of the paper which explained that once behavioral resistance to imidacloprid evolves, no rotation of modes of action would get rid of it. If you have a strain of flies that avoid the bait, they will continue to avoid it even if you take a long break in exposing them.
If imidacloprid baits are not being used then there is likely a fixed portion of the population with behavioral resistance but not physiological resistance since that goes away after time. This makes things hard because if you use imidacloprid baits, the flies would be susceptible but won’t go near it due to behavioral resistance. They suggest a more comprehensive survey of resistance presence across a wider geographic area to determine how prevalent it is.
Article by Ellie Lane
References
Hubbard, C.B., Gerry, A.C. and Murillo, A.C. (2023), Evaluation of the stability of physiological and behavioral resistance to imidacloprid in the house fly (Musca domestica L.) (Diptera: Muscidae). Pest Manag Sci. https://doi.org/10.1002/ps.7866
Cicadas
Periodical Cicadas Disrupt Trophic Dynamics Through Community-level Shifts in Avian Foraging
When the Magicicadas, more commonly known as the periodical or 17-year cicadas ,last emerged in 2004 in the Maryland area, I was approximately 10 years old. The entire event blew my mind. I’m not saying that it was instrumental in eventually making me an entomologist (I mean, after all, at that age I would have told you very confidently that I wanted to be a marine biologist), but it’s pretty up there. Needless to say, I was just as excited (if not more), when their mass emergence came back around in 2021.
Individuals who were equally as excited about the return of the Magicicadas were two of my former advisors, who recently authored a paper examining the effects of the mass emergence of the Magicicadas on the ecosystem. The mass emergence of the Magicicadas provides the environment with what is called a biomass pulse, which means that a huge amount of nutrients are suddenly available in the environment. Previous work studying the biomass pulse of the Magicicadas had documented the benefits to the soil in terms of the nutrient addition thanks to the decomposition of their bodies. However, there was not a lot of research done on the other aspects of the food web, including how the Magicicadas may influence predation levels and how that may cascade throughout the ecosystem.

Magicicadas are a genus of cicadas that consists of several species with the unique (and very slow)development time of either 13 or 17 years, depending on the species. In an emergence year, the nymphs will emerge from their underground burrows in the billions around springtime and will molt into winged adults. The males will head to the trees to try and attract mates. They do so by creating noise to attract females, or, as I affectionately refer to it, screaming about how great their genes are. Once they have successfully mated, the female will lay up to 500 eggs in the twigs of trees. Both parents will die quickly after mating. The eggs will hatch in the twigs, and the nymphs will feed on the tree twigs until the later summer. At that point, they will emerge from the twig and drop to the soil, where they will continue feeding on the roots until their emergence comes around again.
Specifically, this study focused on the effects of the mass emergence of the Magicicadas on birds, caterpillars, and trees. This includes the major players in each part of the food web in the forests of the eastern United States where Magicicadas grace us with their presence. First, the researchers performed field observations to confirm that birds were, in fact, feeding on the cicadas. They were able to document 82 different species of birds that were feeding on the Magicicadas. In addition, it was also an extremely wide array of species, which suggests that different insect-feeding birds from different ecosystems were taking advantage of the resource pulse that the cicadas provided through their mass emergence.
Next, they examined how the emergence of the cicadas affected the way that birds foraged for their normal foods-in this case, caterpillars. They did so by placing model caterpillars in the wild to document the frequency of bird strikes out in the forests in the summers of 2020, 2021, and 2022. Overall, the researchers determined that bird strike frequencies declined immensely in concurrence to the 2021cicada emergence. In addition, they also surveyed trees throughout these same time periods, and noted that the abundance of caterpillars also increased significantly in 2021. This suggests that birds arechanging their usual foraging strategies to eat the Magicicadas, when they are available.
Lastly, the researchers also looked at the levels of leaf damage to trees between 2020, 2021, and 2022.There was a significant difference in the amount of leaf damage in 2021 compared to the other two years. Therefore, the increase in caterpillars caused by the lack of normal predation by birds indirectly caused damage to trees. Previous studies have shown that higher herbivory can cause serious problemsfor trees, such as lowered reproductive ability, lowered immunity to pathogens, and more.
What this study found overall was the mass emergence of the cicadas directly changed the way that the birds were foraging, which increased the number of caterpillars. The subsequent increase in caterpillar populations thanks to the lack of predation by birds led to an increase in tree damage. In other words, the mass emergence of the Magicicadas the power to “re-wire” food webs, both in their emergence year, and beyond.
In terms of pest management, understanding how these “pulses” of these potential resources affect an environment can be extremely helpful. For example, many bird species are responsible for pest-reduction services through predation, but if these predators are “distracted” by a resource like cicadas, it could have implications for how we implement pest management strategies. In addition, understanding these resource pulses in the ecosystem may help us predict other pulses in the environment-such as an increase in cicada killer wasps, thanks to the abundance of their food source during an emergence year. The moral of the story is that the Magicicadas just don’t cause a sonic annoyance and damage a few trees every few years. In fact, we are just beginning to appreciate how impactful their mass emergence is to their ecosystems, and how those effects may radiate out throughthe environment. In other words, not only are the Magicicadas cool, but their effects on the environment are also arguably just as cool as they are.
...is it 2038 yet?
If you’re interested in participating in citizen science projects like the one in this study, be sure to checkout https://www.citizenscience.gov/# for more information on projects that are looking for help from people like you!
Article by Laura Rosenwald, BCE
References
Zoe L. Getman-Pickering et al.,Periodical cicadas disrupt trophic dynamics through community-level shifts in avian foraging.Science382,320 324(2023). DOI:10.1126/science.adi7426
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